How long does cell differentiation take

Antioxidants may bind to certain specific receptors on the surface of MSCs, thereby initiating one or more signaling pathways that ultimately differentiate into neurons. For example, MSCs treated with the small molecule compound D showed significant morphological changes, demonstrating that antioxidant D can induce MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells.

Most of the experiments in recent years have used some antioxidants, and the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza contains various antioxidant components such as tanshinone and total salvianolic acid. Qingtao et al. Because Salvia miltiorrhiza is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for activating blood circulation and removing stasis, it has no toxic side effects and is safe, so it has high practical value.

Calcium channel blockers can alleviate damage caused by calcium influx during spinal cord and visual cord injury. It has protective effects on neurons, such as total saponins of Panax notoginseng, ligustrazine, and berberine.

Berberine is a calcium channel blocker that protects neuronal apoptosis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have multi-directional differentiation potential in addition to their hematopoietic microenvironment.

Under certain conditions, they can differentiate into osteoblasts and fat cells, muscle cells and neuron-like cells.

Neural stem cells NSCs are cells that can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, capable of self-renewal and capable of producing large amounts of neural tissue cells. It has a variety of differentiation potential and self-renewal capabilities. The subependymal layer, hippocampus, and dentate gyrus near the lateral ventricle are currently recognized as the most concentrated sites of neural stem cells in the adult mammalian nervous system.

The development and differentiation of neural stem cells depend on the specific genes at specific sites and timetables and is regulated by both neurotrophic factors and the internal environment. In theory, any type of central nervous system disease can be attributed to a disorder of neural stem cell function. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the brain, and spinal cord do not produce immune rejection after stem cells are transplanted into the central nervous system.

For example, transplanting brain cells containing dopamine-producing cells into the brain of patients with Parkinson's syndrome can cure parts of patient symptoms. Ginkgolide B can promote the differentiation of cultured neural stem cells into neurons. Ding Ying et al. The results showed that ginkgolides B promoted the differentiation of neural stem cells into neuron-like cells in a certain concentration.

It is found that NO can promote the differentiation of neural stem cells and promote the development of axons after cell differentiation. In addition, sodium salicylate has a significant regulatory effect on GABA and Glu protein expression in neurons of the inferior colliculus.

Yin Shihua et al found that sodium salicylate promotes the differentiation of neural stem cells into Gluergic neurons and inhibits the differentiation of neural stem cells into GABA ergic neurons.

The regulation of neural stem cell differentiation and differentiation is a major topic in neural stem cell research. Neural stem cell culture techniques can be used to observe the neuronal activity of certain natural compounds and synthetic compounds and provide a theoretical basis for the development of small molecule therapeutic drugs. The rapid development of stem cell biology has provided us with a strong support for further understanding of the precise molecular regulation mechanisms in the development of organisms, as well as new treatments for cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and other diseases.

It brought hopes to neurological diseases. Therefore, before the therapeutic potential of stem cells is widely applied to the clinic, it is necessary to have a deeper understanding of the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of stem cell proliferation and differentiation that determine the stem cell fate, to survive and proliferate through the endogenous cells.

Differentiation and migration activate the organism's own regeneration mechanism to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. Although small molecules have been screened for new drug development and cell biology research on a cell basis for decades, the importance of these small molecules in stem cell research has just been recognized.

The means of chemical genetics are controllable and reversible — small molecule compounds can be added or removed at any time to initiate or interrupt specific reactions. Most small molecule compounds act very fast on proteins, allowing for real-time detection. Furthermore, by controlling the concentration of the compound, the kinetics of the target molecule to which it acts can be analyzed. And an identical small molecule compound can be widely used to affect a certain process or function of different organisms.

However, no matter how to explain the special mechanism of action of these small molecules, small molecules that can effectively induce stem cell differentiation in vitro have the same effect in vivo , and the function of cells treated by these small molecules will not change compared with normal cells. Characteristic transmembrane proteins provide the basis for each of the different types of junctions.

At these junctions, transmembrane proteins on one cell interact with similar transmembrane proteins on adjacent cells. Special adaptor proteins then connect the resulting assembly to the cytoskeleton of each cell.

The many connections formed between junctions and cytoskeletal proteins effectively produces a network that extends over many cells, providing mechanical strength to the epithelium. The gut endothelium — actually an epithelium that lines the inner surface of the digestive tract — is an excellent example of these structures at work. Here, tight junctions between cells form a seal that prevents even small molecules and ions from moving across the endothelium.

As a result, the endothelial cells themselves are responsible for determining which molecules pass from the gut lumen into the surrounding tissues. Meanwhile, adherens junctions based on transmembrane cadherin proteins provide mechanical support to the endothelium.

These junctions are reinforced by attachment to an extensive array of actin filaments that underlie the apical — or lumen-facing — membrane. These organized collections of actin filaments also extend into the microvilli , which are the tiny fingerlike projections that protrude from the apical membrane into the gut lumen and increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Additional mechanical support comes from desmosomes , which appear as plaque-like structures under the cell membrane, attached to intermediate filaments.

In fact, desmosome-intermediate filament networks extend across multiple cells, giving the endothelium sheetlike properties.

In addition, within the gut there are stem cells that guarantee a steady supply of new cells that contribute to the multiple cell types necessary for this complex structure to function properly Figure 2. The extracellular matrix ECM is also critical to tissue structure, because it provides attachment sites for cells and relays information about the spatial position of a cell.

The ECM consists of a mixture of proteins and polysaccharides produced by the endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparatuses of nearby cells. Once synthesized, these molecules move to the appropriate side of the cell — such as the basal or apical face — where they are secreted. Final organization of the ECM then takes place outside the cell. To understand how the ECM works, consider the two very different sides of the gut endothelium. One side of this tissue faces the lumen, where it comes in contact with digested food.

The other side attaches to a specialized ECM support structure called the basal lamina. The basal lamina is composed of collagen and laminin proteins, as well as various other macromolecules. On this side of the endothelium, adhesive junctions attach cells to the ECM. Transmembrane integrin proteins in the junctions bind components of the ECM and recruit signaling proteins to their cytoplasmic sides.

From there, the signals travel to the nucleus of each cell. This page appears in the following eBook. Aa Aa Aa. Cell Differentiation and Tissue. The gut contains a mixture of differentiated cells and stem cells. Figure Detail. Tissues are communities of cells that have functions beyond what any single cell type could accomplish. Healthy tissues require the proper mix of cells, and the cells within them must be oriented correctly and dividing at an appropriate rate.

In order to coordinate their function, organization, and rates of death and division, the cells in a tissue are constantly processing and responding to signals from one another and from the ECM around them. Cell Biology for Seminars, Unit 5. Topic rooms within Cell Biology Close. No topic rooms are there.

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